In reality, there are probably hundreds of "causes" of infertility. What this means is that there are a lot of things that have to happen perfectly in order to conceive and have a baby.
As an overly simplified example of the science involved:
The hormones that stimulate egg development must be made in the brain and pituitary and be released properly
The egg must be of sufficient quality and be chromosomally normal.
The egg must develop to maturity.
The brain must release a sufficient surge of the LH hormone to stimulate final maturation of the egg.
The follicle (eggs develop in structures called follicles in the ovaries) must rupture and release the follicular fluid and the egg.
The tube must "pick up" the egg.
The sperm must survive their brief visit in the vagina, enter the cervical mucous, swim to the fallopian tube and "find" the egg.
The sperm must be able to get through the cumulus cells around the egg and bind the shell (zona pellucida) of the egg.
The sperm must undergo a biochemical reaction and release their DNA package (23 chromosomes) into the egg.
The fertilized egg must be able to divide.
The early embryo must continue to divide and develop normally.
After 3 days, the tube should have transported the embryo down into the uterus.
The embryo must continue to develop and expand into a blastocyst.
The blastocyst must hatch out of its shell.
The endometrial lining of the uterus must be properly developed and receptive.
The hatched blastocyst must attach to the endometrial lining and "implant".
Many more miracles in early embryonic and fetal development must then follow...
A weak link anywhere in this chain will cause failure to conceive.
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